動脈粥樣硬化進程
內皮傷害、脂質、發炎與纖維帽共同塑造 plaque
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Key concept diagrams
依梁哲維講義的關鍵流程重新繪製;先掌握因果、分流與定位,再進入完整知識地圖。
依 2024 PDF 逐頁轉製完成,待梁哲維老師或指定醫師逐章確認。內容可能持續修訂,僅供教學整理,不取代正式教科書與臨床判斷。
Interactive lecture map
每顆圓球都可繼續放大;到達葉節點後查看完整說明與關係圖。
血栓與栓塞、休克、動脈硬化與血管炎、缺血性心臟病、瓣膜、心肌病、先天心臟與血管腫瘤。
血栓由 endothelial injury、abnormal blood flow 與 hypercoagulability 交互形成;位置與栓子成分決定後續梗塞及全身效應。
| 主題 | 核心機轉 | 高頻線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Endothelial antithrombotic state | PGI₂/NO、thrombomodulin–protein C/S、antithrombin、TFPI、t-PA | 活化或受傷後轉為 prothrombotic phenotype |
| Platelet adhesion/aggregation | vWF–GPIb;fibrinogen–GPIIb/IIIa | Bernard–Soulier 與 Glanzmann 對照 |
| Virchow triad | Endothelial injury、stasis/turbulence、hypercoagulability | Factor V Leiden、cancer、immobility、APS、HIT |
| DIC | 全身 thrombin activation 與 consumption coagulopathy | Microthrombi+bleeding;platelet/fibrinogen↓、D-dimer↑ |
| Pulmonary/systemic emboli | DVT → pulmonary arteries;left-heart thrombus → systemic circulation | Massive PE、paradoxical embolus、brain/kidney/spleen infarcts |
| Fat/air/amniotic embolism | Mechanical obstruction+biochemical/endothelial injury | Long-bone fracture;decompression;peripartum DAD/DIC |
Virchow triad 是整章入口;HIT 與 APS 都是「血小板低或凝血試驗異常,但臨床反而血栓」的陷阱。
血流動力失衡可由 hydrostatic/oncotic pressure、lymphatic obstruction 或 perfusion failure 造成,病理表現從 edema 到 multiorgan injury。
| 概念 | 機轉 | 典型病理 |
|---|---|---|
| Left-heart failure | Pulmonary venous pressure↑ | Pulmonary edema、heart-failure cells、brown induration |
| Right-heart failure | Systemic venous congestion | Nutmeg liver、centrilobular hypoxic injury、ascites、leg edema |
| White infarct | Arterial occlusion in solid end-arterial organ | Heart、kidney、spleen;coagulative necrosis |
| Red infarct | Venous occlusion、dual circulation、loose/congested tissue或reperfusion | Lung、bowel、testis/ovary torsion |
| Shock | Systemic hypoperfusion from hypovolemic、cardiogenic、distributive mechanisms | ATN、DAD、encephalopathy、subendocardial ischemia、DIC |
白色梗塞記心腎脾;紅色梗塞記靜脈阻塞、雙重循環、疏鬆或先前充血組織。所有 shock 的終點是組織低灌流。
急性 coronary plaque change 加上 thrombosis 是多數 myocardial infarction 的主軸;病理時間軸預測發炎細胞、修復與機械性併發症。
| 時間 | 主要形態 | 臨床風險 |
|---|---|---|
| 0–4 h | 可無明顯 LM change;早期 wavy fibers | Arrhythmia、sudden death |
| 4–24 h | Coagulative necrosis、edema/hemorrhage;neutrophils 開始 | Pump/arrhythmic complications |
| 1–3 d | Extensive coagulative necrosis、neutrophils peak | Acute pericarditis 可出現 |
| 3–7 d | Macrophage removal、軟化 | Free-wall、septal、papillary-muscle rupture risk |
| 1–2 wk | Granulation tissue | 逐步增加 tensile strength |
| >2 wk–months | Collagen deposition → dense scar | Chronic aneurysm、HF、mural thrombus |
MI 後 3–7 天 macrophages 清除壞死、心壁最脆弱;free-wall rupture → tamponade,papillary rupture → acute MR。
Atherosclerosis 是內皮失能、lipoprotein retention/oxidation、inflammation 與 smooth-muscle response 的慢性動脈壁疾病;高血壓另造成小動脈重塑。
| 病變 | 形態 | 後果 |
|---|---|---|
| Fatty streak | Intimal foam cells | 早期病灶,並非每個都進展 |
| Stable plaque | Thick fibrous cap、smaller lipid core、較少 inflammation | 固定狹窄、chronic ischemia |
| Vulnerable plaque | Thin cap、large necrotic core、macrophage-rich | Rupture/erosion、acute thrombosis |
| Hyaline arteriolosclerosis | Homogeneous hyaline wall thickening、luminal narrowing | Benign HTN、diabetes |
| Hyperplastic/necrotizing arteriolopathy | Onion-skin hyperplasia、fibrinoid necrosis | Severe/malignant hypertension |
Stable 看厚 cap、小 core;vulnerable 看薄 cap、大 core、發炎多。Hyaline 對 benign HTN/DM,onion-skin+fibrinoid necrosis 對 severe HTN。
血管炎分類先看主要血管尺寸,再整合 granuloma、ANCA、immune deposits、呼吸腎臟症候群與年齡。
| 疾病 | 主要血管/免疫 | 代表線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Giant-cell arteritis | Large/medium granulomatous arteritis | >50 y、temporal headache、jaw claudication、vision risk、PMR |
| Takayasu arteritis | Aorta/large branches granulomatous arteritis | Young patient、pulseless disease、BP discrepancy |
| Polyarteritis nodosa | Medium muscular arteries;segmental transmural necrosis | Renal/visceral arteries、microaneurysms;spares glomeruli/pulmonary capillaries |
| Kawasaki disease | Medium arteries,尤其 coronary | Childhood mucocutaneous syndrome、coronary aneurysm/thrombosis |
| GPA | PR3-ANCA-associated necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis | Upper/lower airway+pauci-immune GN |
| MPA | MPO-ANCA-associated necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis | Pulmonary capillaritis+pauci-immune GN;無 granulomatous inflammation |
| EGPA | Eosinophil-rich granulomatous small-vessel vasculitis | Asthma、eosinophilia、neuropathy;常 MPO-ANCA only subset |
| IgA vasculitis | IgA immune-complex small-vessel vasculitis | Palpable purpura、abdominal/joint symptoms、IgA nephritis |
PAN 不傷 glomerulus、也不典型傷 pulmonary capillaries;GPA 有 granuloma+PR3,MPA 無 granuloma+MPO,EGPA 加 asthma/eosinophilia。
心臟發炎可由 post-streptococcal autoimmunity、感染或 hypersensitivity 引起;vegetation 的位置、破壞性與菌血症決定鑑別。
| 疾病 | 核心病理 | 高頻線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Acute rheumatic fever | Post–group A streptococcal immune cross-reactivity;pancarditis | Jones criteria、Aschoff bodies、Anitschkow cells、small verrucae along closure lines |
| Chronic rheumatic valve disease | Fibrosis、commissural fusion、chordal shortening | Mitral most common;fish-mouth/buttonhole stenosis |
| Myocarditis | Myocyte injury with inflammatory infiltrate | Lymphocytic viral pattern、eosinophilic hypersensitivity、giant-cell severe form |
| Acute infective endocarditis | Destructive friable infected vegetation | S. aureus 可侵犯正常 valve;IV drug use 常 tricuspid |
| Subacute infective endocarditis | Lower-virulence organisms on abnormal valve | Viridans streptococci classic;systemic immune/embolic findings |
| Prosthetic-valve infection | Biofilm-associated infection | Coagulase-negative staphylococci important, timing-dependent pathogen spectrum |
Aschoff body/Anitschkow cell 指 rheumatic carditis;正常 valve 上快速破壞想 S. aureus,舊受損 valve 的較緩病程想 viridans group。
Aneurysm 是血管或心壁的永久異常擴張;aortic dissection 是血液進入 media 形成壁內通道,兩者的危險因子與急症處理不同。
| 病變 | 典型背景/位置 | 主要併發症 |
|---|---|---|
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Atherosclerosis、smoking;多在 renal arteries 下方 | Rupture、thrombosis/embolism、branch-vessel compression |
| Thoracic aortic aneurysm | Hypertension、heritable connective-tissue disease、aortitis | Aortic regurgitation、compression、rupture |
| Aortic dissection type A | Ascending aorta involved;HTN、Marfan/Loeys–Dietz 等 | Pericardial rupture/tamponade、AR、coronary/branch malperfusion |
| Aortic dissection type B | Begins distal to left subclavian without ascending involvement | Rupture or distal-organ malperfusion |
| Pseudoaneurysm | Contained wall rupture communicating with lumen | Expansion、rupture、infection |
AAA 記 infrarenal+atherosclerosis/smoking;dissection 記 HTN 或 heritable aortopathy,致死常因破裂,type A 可進心包造成 tamponade。
瓣膜狹窄或逆流可來自 calcification、myxomatous change、rheumatic scarring 或 systemic disease;無菌 vegetation 則提示 hypercoagulability 或 autoimmunity。
| 病變 | 形態/位置 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| Calcific aortic stenosis | Nodular calcification on outflow side/base of cusps | Age-related;bicuspid valve 較早發 |
| Mitral annular calcification | Valve-ring calcific deposits | 可無功能異常,也可影響 conduction、MR/stenosis或感染風險 |
| Mitral valve prolapse | Myxomatous expansion、hooded leaflets、elongated/ruptured chordae | MR、arrhythmia、endocarditis、rare sudden death |
| NBTE | Small sterile bland vegetations along closure line | Advanced malignancy、sepsis/cachexia;systemic emboli |
| Libman–Sacks endocarditis | Sterile vegetations on either/both sides of leaflets/chordae | SLE/APS |
| Carcinoid heart disease | Plaque-like endocardial fibrosis | Predominantly tricuspid/pulmonic when hepatic metastases release serotonin |
NBTE=malignancy/hypercoagulability+bland vegetation+embolus;Libman–Sacks=SLE;MVP=myxomatous leaflet/chordal change。
Cardiomyopathy 以 ventricular morphology 與 systolic/diastolic physiology 分類,再整合遺傳、毒性、發炎及浸潤原因。
| 類型 | 病理/生理 | 代表原因與線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | Four-chamber dilation、systolic dysfunction | TTN與其他 genes、myocarditis、alcohol/toxin、peripartum;mural thrombi |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Often asymmetric septal hypertrophy、small cavity、myocyte disarray | Sarcomere-gene variants;LV outflow obstruction、arrhythmia/sudden death |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | Stiff ventricles、diastolic dysfunction;atria enlarge | Amyloidosis、endomyocardial fibrosis、radiation、storage/infiltrative disease |
| Acute pericarditis | Serous、fibrinous、purulent、hemorrhagic或caseous patterns | Viral/SLE、uremia/MI、bacteria、malignancy、TB |
| Constrictive pericarditis | Dense fibrous/calcific encasement | TB、prior surgery/radiation或idiopathic;restrictive filling |
DCM=大而鬆、systolic failure;HCM=厚、disarray、outflow/arrhythmia;RCM=硬、atria 大、diastolic failure。
先天心臟病可先按 left-to-right、right-to-left 與 obstructive lesions 分類;是否依賴 ductus 與混合血流決定新生兒急症。
| 類型 | 代表疾病 | 關鍵後果 |
|---|---|---|
| Left-to-right | ASD、VSD、PDA、AV septal defect | Initially acyanotic;pulmonary HTN → Eisenmenger reversal |
| Right-to-left | Tetralogy of Fallot、transposition、truncus arteriosus、tricuspid atresia、TAPVR | Early cyanosis;部分需 ASD/VSD/PDA mixing |
| Obstructive | Coarctation、aortic/pulmonic stenosis或atresia | Pressure overload、distal hypoperfusion;critical lesions duct-dependent |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | VSD、overriding aorta、RV outflow obstruction、RV hypertrophy | Severity largely determined by outflow obstruction |
| Transposition | Aorta from RV、pulmonary artery from LV | Parallel circulations;survival requires mixing |
先問 shunt 方向,再問是否需要 mixing/ductus;TOF 四項中決定 cyanosis 嚴重度的是 RV outflow obstruction。
血管增生從 reactive lobular capillary lesion 到 malignant endothelial neoplasm;心臟原發腫瘤則以年齡與心腔位置定位。
| 病變 | 細胞/病毒 | 高頻線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Lobular capillary hemangioma | Benign capillary proliferation | 舊稱 pyogenic granuloma;rapidly growing、friable/bleeding |
| Infantile hemangioma | Benign endothelial tumor | Infancy proliferation then involution |
| Glomus tumor | Modified smooth-muscle cells of glomus body | Painful subungual nodule |
| Kaposi sarcoma | HHV-8-associated endothelial neoplasm | Spindle cells、slit-like spaces;classic、endemic、iatrogenic、AIDS-associated |
| Angiosarcoma | Malignant endothelial differentiation | Skin/soft tissue/breast/liver;infiltrative vascular channels |
| Atrial myxoma | Myxoma cells in myxoid matrix | Most common primary adult cardiac tumor;usually left atrium;IL-6 symptoms/embolism |
| Cardiac rhabdomyoma | Hamartomatous cardiomyocyte tumor | Most common childhood primary cardiac tumor;tuberous-sclerosis association |
成人原發心臟腫瘤記 left-atrial myxoma;兒童記 rhabdomyoma+tuberous sclerosis;Kaposi 記 HHV-8+spindle/slit spaces。
Practice after the lecture
先作答,再展開答案與解析。題目依上方講義整理,內容仍屬 in_review。
vWF 連接 exposed subendothelial matrix 與 platelet GPIb,主要負責 adhesion;GPIIb/IIIa–fibrinogen 則負責 aggregation。
交替的 platelet/fibrin 淡層與 RBC-rich 深層顯示血栓在流動循環內形成,常見於 arterial/cardiac thrombi。
Fat embolism syndrome 典型在 long-bone trauma 後有 1–3 天潛伏期,造成 pulmonary、neurologic 與 petechial manifestations。
Kidney 是 solid end-arterial organ,arterial occlusion 常形成 pale/white infarct;肺、腸與靜脈阻塞較常見 red infarct。
肺泡出血後 macrophages 吞噬 RBC 並累積 hemosiderin,形成 siderophages/heart-failure cells。
3–7 天 macrophages 清除壞死 tissue、scar 尚未成熟,心壁最脆弱;free-wall rupture 可造成 hemopericardium 與 tamponade。
Reperfusion 可造成 hemorrhage、ROS/Ca²⁺ injury 與 hypercontracted sarcomeres,形成 contraction bands。
Vulnerable plaque 具有 thin cap、large necrotic lipid core 與活躍 inflammation,較易 rupture/erosion 並引起急性 thrombosis。
Hyperplastic arteriolopathy 的 concentric onion-skin thickening 與 necrotizing arteriolitis/fibrinoid necrosis 是 severe hypertension 的經典組合。
EGPA(舊稱 Churg–Strauss)以 asthma、eosinophilia、eosinophil-rich inflammation 與 small-vessel vasculitis 為核心。
PAN 主要侵犯 medium muscular arteries,可傷 renal arteries 但通常不造成 glomerulonephritis,也不典型侵犯 pulmonary capillaries。
Aschoff body 含 central fibrinoid change 與 activated macrophages;Anitschkow cells 的 caterpillar chromatin 是經典線索。
S. aureus 可造成 acute destructive endocarditis,且 IV drug use 常累及 tricuspid valve。
Degenerative/atherosclerotic AAA 多位於 infrarenal abdominal aorta,smoking 是重要 risk factor。
NBTE 與 advanced malignancy/hypercoagulability 相關,vegetations 無菌、較少破壞 valve,但可造成 systemic emboli。
HCM 常由 sarcomere-gene variant 造成,可見 asymmetric septal hypertrophy、myocyte disarray、fibrosis 與 LV outflow obstruction。
TOF 四項為 VSD、overriding aorta、RV outflow obstruction 與 secondary RV hypertrophy;不是 aortic-valve stenosis。
Atrial myxoma 是成人最常見 primary cardiac tumor,常在 left atrium,可造成 ball-valve obstruction、embolism 與 IL-6-related systemic symptoms。
這是講義複習題,不代表正式考試題庫或醫療建議。
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