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血栓與栓塞、休克、動脈硬化與血管炎、缺血性心臟病、瓣膜、心肌病、先天心臟與血管腫瘤。
展開文字版完整重點索引
- 血栓形成、DIC 與栓塞
- Lines of Zahn 支持血栓在流動血液… — Lines of Zahn 支持血栓在流動血液中形成;postmortem clot 通常不具同樣層次與附著。
- 多數 clinically important… — 多數 clinically important PE 來自 deep veins of lower extremity;後果取決於 embolus size、cardiopulmonary reserve 與是否反覆。
- Amniotic-fluid embolism… — Amniotic-fluid embolism 的診斷重點是突發 respiratory failure、shock、DIC 與產科時序,不是只看到單一 squamous cell。
- Endothelial antithrombotic state — 核心機轉:PGI₂/NO、thrombomodulin–protein C/S、antithrombin、TFPI、t-PA;高頻線索:活化或受傷後轉為 prothrombotic phenotype
- Platelet adhesion/aggregation — 核心機轉:vWF–GPIb;fibrinogen–GPIIb/IIIa;高頻線索:Bernard–Soulier 與 Glanzmann 對照
- Virchow triad — 核心機轉:Endothelial injury、stasis/turbulence、hypercoagulability;高頻線索:Factor V Leiden、cancer、immobility、APS、HIT
- DIC — 核心機轉:全身 thrombin activation 與 consumption coagulopathy;高頻線索:Microthrombi+bleeding;platelet/fibrinogen↓、D-dimer↑
- Pulmonary/systemic emboli — 核心機轉:DVT → pulmonary arteries;left-heart thrombus → systemic circulation;高頻線索:Massive PE、paradoxical embolus、brain/kidney/spleen infarcts
- Fat/air/amniotic embolism — 核心機轉:Mechanical obstruction+biochemical/endothelial injury;高頻線索:Long-bone fracture;decompression;peripartum DAD/DIC
- 考點提醒 — Virchow triad 是整章入口;HIT 與 APS 都是「血小板低或凝血試驗異常,但臨床反而血栓」的陷阱。
- 水腫、充血、梗塞與休克
- Septic shock 牽涉 PAMP/DA… — Septic shock 牽涉 PAMP/DAMP sensing、cytokines、endothelial activation、vasodilation、metabolic dysfunction 與 coagulopathy,不只是單一 endotoxin。
- 腦梗塞是 solid-organ infarc… — 腦梗塞是 solid-organ infarct 的重要例外,典型為 liquefactive necrosis。
- Cor pulmonale 的急性型以 RV … — Cor pulmonale 的急性型以 RV dilation 為主;慢性 pulmonary hypertension 才形成 RV hypertrophy。
- Left-heart failure — 機轉:Pulmonary venous pressure↑;典型病理:Pulmonary edema、heart-failure cells、brown induration
- Right-heart failure — 機轉:Systemic venous congestion;典型病理:Nutmeg liver、centrilobular hypoxic injury、ascites、leg edema
- White infarct — 機轉:Arterial occlusion in solid end-arterial organ;典型病理:Heart、kidney、spleen;coagulative necrosis
- Red infarct — 機轉:Venous occlusion、dual circulation、loose/congested tissue或reperfusion;典型病理:Lung、bowel、testis/ovary torsion
- Shock — 機轉:Systemic hypoperfusion from hypovolemic、cardiogenic、distributive mechanisms;典型病理:ATN、DAD、encephalopathy、subendocardial ischemia、DIC
- 考點提醒 — 白色梗塞記心腎脾;紅色梗塞記靜脈阻塞、雙重循環、疏鬆或先前充血組織。所有 shock 的終點是組織低灌流。
- 缺血性心臟病與心肌梗塞時間軸
- LAD 常造成 anterior/septal… — LAD 常造成 anterior/septal infarct;RCA 常涉及 inferior/posterior regions;實際分布依 coronary anatomy。
- Subendocardium 最易缺血 — Subendocardium 最易缺血;transmural 與 subendocardial infarction 是解剖病理概念,不能與 ECG 分類完全畫等號。
- Reperfusion 可救 myocardi… — Reperfusion 可救 myocardium,也可造成 hemorrhage、contraction-band necrosis、ROS/Ca²⁺ injury 與 arrhythmia。
- 0–4 h — 主要形態:可無明顯 LM change;早期 wavy fibers;臨床風險:Arrhythmia、sudden death
- 4–24 h — 主要形態:Coagulative necrosis、edema/hemorrhage;neutrophils 開始;臨床風險:Pump/arrhythmic complications
- 1–3 d — 主要形態:Extensive coagulative necrosis、neutrophils peak;臨床風險:Acute pericarditis 可出現
- 3–7 d — 主要形態:Macrophage removal、軟化;臨床風險:Free-wall、septal、papillary-muscle rupture risk
- 1–2 wk — 主要形態:Granulation tissue;臨床風險:逐步增加 tensile strength
- >2 wk–months — 主要形態:Collagen deposition → dense scar;臨床風險:Chronic aneurysm、HF、mural thrombus
- 考點提醒 — MI 後 3–7 天 macrophages 清除壞死、心壁最脆弱;free-wall rupture → tamponade,papillary rupture → acute MR。
- 動脈粥樣硬化與高血壓性血管病
- 主要可修正 risk factors 包括 d… — 主要可修正 risk factors 包括 dyslipidemia、hypertension、smoking、diabetes;age、sex 與 family history 也影響風險。
- Plaque complication 包括 … — Plaque complication 包括 rupture/erosion、intraplaque hemorrhage、atheroembolism、aneurysm 與 calcification。
- Monckeberg medial calci… — Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis 通常保留 lumen,與 intimal atherosclerotic plaque 不同。
- Fatty streak — 形態:Intimal foam cells;後果:早期病灶,並非每個都進展
- Stable plaque — 形態:Thick fibrous cap、smaller lipid core、較少 inflammation;後果:固定狹窄、chronic ischemia
- Vulnerable plaque — 形態:Thin cap、large necrotic core、macrophage-rich;後果:Rupture/erosion、acute thrombosis
- Hyaline arteriolosclerosis — 形態:Homogeneous hyaline wall thickening、luminal narrowing;後果:Benign HTN、diabetes
- Hyperplastic/necrotizing arteriolopathy — 形態:Onion-skin hyperplasia、fibrinoid necrosis;後果:Severe/malignant hypertension
- 考點提醒 — Stable 看厚 cap、小 core;vulnerable 看薄 cap、大 core、發炎多。Hyaline 對 benign HTN/DM,onion-skin+fibrinoid necrosis 對 severe HTN。
- 依血管尺寸與免疫機轉辨識血管炎
- ANCA 應報 antigen specifi… — ANCA 應報 antigen specificity(PR3 或 MPO),舊 c-/p-ANCA pattern 只能作輔助。
- Thromboangiitis obliter… — Thromboangiitis obliterans 與 tobacco exposure 強相關,造成 distal small/medium vessel thrombosing inflammation。
- Raynaud phenomenon 是 va… — Raynaud phenomenon 是 vasospasm 表現,可為 primary 或 secondary;secondary cases 需找 systemic sclerosis 等結構性微血管病。
- Giant-cell arteritis — 主要血管/免疫:Large/medium granulomatous arteritis;代表線索:>50 y、temporal headache、jaw claudication、vision risk、PMR
- Takayasu arteritis — 主要血管/免疫:Aorta/large branches granulomatous arteritis;代表線索:Young patient、pulseless disease、BP discrepancy
- Polyarteritis nodosa — 主要血管/免疫:Medium muscular arteries;segmental transmural necrosis;代表線索:Renal/visceral arteries、microaneurysms;spares glomeruli/pulmonary capillaries
- Kawasaki disease — 主要血管/免疫:Medium arteries,尤其 coronary;代表線索:Childhood mucocutaneous syndrome、coronary aneurysm/thrombosis
- GPA — 主要血管/免疫:PR3-ANCA-associated necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis;代表線索:Upper/lower airway+pauci-immune GN
- MPA — 主要血管/免疫:MPO-ANCA-associated necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis;代表線索:Pulmonary capillaritis+pauci-immune GN;無 granulomatous inflammation
- EGPA — 主要血管/免疫:Eosinophil-rich granulomatous small-vessel vasculitis;代表線索:Asthma、eosinophilia、neuropathy;常 MPO-ANCA only subset
- IgA vasculitis — 主要血管/免疫:IgA immune-complex small-vessel vasculitis;代表線索:Palpable purpura、abdominal/joint symptoms、IgA nephritis
- 考點提醒 — PAN 不傷 glomerulus、也不典型傷 pulmonary capillaries;GPA 有 granuloma+PR3,MPA 無 granuloma+MPO,EGPA 加 asthma/eosinophilia。
- 風濕熱、心肌炎與感染性心內膜炎
- Infective endocarditis … — Infective endocarditis 可造成 valve-ring abscess、septic emboli、mycotic aneurysm 與 immune-complex glomerulonephritis。
- Osler nodes、Roth spots、… — Osler nodes、Roth spots、splinter hemorrhages 與 Janeway lesions 是線索,但血液培養與 echocardiography 才是診斷核心。
- 講義舊稱 Wegener、Churg–Stra… — 講義舊稱 Wegener、Churg–Strauss 於網站採現名 GPA、EGPA,舊稱保留為搜尋別名。
- Acute rheumatic fever — 核心病理:Post–group A streptococcal immune cross-reactivity;pancarditis;高頻線索:Jones criteria、Aschoff bodies、Anitschkow cells、small verrucae along closure lines
- Chronic rheumatic valve disease — 核心病理:Fibrosis、commissural fusion、chordal shortening;高頻線索:Mitral most common;fish-mouth/buttonhole stenosis
- Myocarditis — 核心病理:Myocyte injury with inflammatory infiltrate;高頻線索:Lymphocytic viral pattern、eosinophilic hypersensitivity、giant-cell severe form
- Acute infective endocarditis — 核心病理:Destructive friable infected vegetation;高頻線索:S. aureus 可侵犯正常 valve;IV drug use 常 tricuspid
- Subacute infective endocarditis — 核心病理:Lower-virulence organisms on abnormal valve;高頻線索:Viridans streptococci classic;systemic immune/embolic findings
- Prosthetic-valve infection — 核心病理:Biofilm-associated infection;高頻線索:Coagulase-negative staphylococci important, timing-dependent pathogen spectrum
- 考點提醒 — Aschoff body/Anitschkow cell 指 rheumatic carditis;正常 valve 上快速破壞想 S. aureus,舊受損 valve 的較緩病程想 viridans group。
- 主動脈瘤與主動脈剝離
- Heritable aortopathy 涉及… — Heritable aortopathy 涉及 ECM/TGF-β signaling,例如 FBN1、TGFBR1/2、COL3A1;「cystic medial degeneration」是形態描述。
- Mycotic aneurysm 是感染性 a… — Mycotic aneurysm 是感染性 aneurysm,名稱不代表真菌限定;可由 septic embolus、鄰近感染或 bacteremia 造成。
- Tertiary syphilitic aor… — Tertiary syphilitic aortitis 傷害 vasa vasorum,可造成 ascending aneurysm 與 tree-bark scarring。
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm — 典型背景/位置:Atherosclerosis、smoking;多在 renal arteries 下方;主要併發症:Rupture、thrombosis/embolism、branch-vessel compression
- Thoracic aortic aneurysm — 典型背景/位置:Hypertension、heritable connective-tissue disease、aortitis;主要併發症:Aortic regurgitation、compression、rupture
- Aortic dissection type A — 典型背景/位置:Ascending aorta involved;HTN、Marfan/Loeys–Dietz 等;主要併發症:Pericardial rupture/tamponade、AR、coronary/branch malperfusion
- Aortic dissection type B — 典型背景/位置:Begins distal to left subclavian without ascending involvement;主要併發症:Rupture or distal-organ malperfusion
- Pseudoaneurysm — 典型背景/位置:Contained wall rupture communicating with lumen;主要併發症:Expansion、rupture、infection
- 考點提醒 — AAA 記 infrarenal+atherosclerosis/smoking;dissection 記 HTN 或 heritable aortopathy,致死常因破裂,type A 可進心包造成 tamponade。
- 退化性瓣膜病與無菌性心內膜病變
- Valve function 應區分 sten… — Valve function 應區分 stenosis 與 regurgitation;同一病因可經 commissures、leaflets、chordae、annulus 或 ventricular remodeling 造成不同結果。
- MVP 的基質是 proteoglycan-r… — MVP 的基質是 proteoglycan-rich myxomatous degeneration,不等同發炎性 fibrinoid necrosis。
- Calcific aortic stenosis — 形態/位置:Nodular calcification on outflow side/base of cusps;重點:Age-related;bicuspid valve 較早發
- Mitral annular calcification — 形態/位置:Valve-ring calcific deposits;重點:可無功能異常,也可影響 conduction、MR/stenosis或感染風險
- Mitral valve prolapse — 形態/位置:Myxomatous expansion、hooded leaflets、elongated/ruptured chordae;重點:MR、arrhythmia、endocarditis、rare sudden death
- NBTE — 形態/位置:Small sterile bland vegetations along closure line;重點:Advanced malignancy、sepsis/cachexia;systemic emboli
- Libman–Sacks endocarditis — 形態/位置:Sterile vegetations on either/both sides of leaflets/chordae;重點:SLE/APS
- Carcinoid heart disease — 形態/位置:Plaque-like endocardial fibrosis;重點:Predominantly tricuspid/pulmonic when hepatic metastases release serotonin
- 考點提醒 — NBTE=malignancy/hypercoagulability+bland vegetation+embolus;Libman–Sacks=SLE;MVP=myxomatous leaflet/chordal change。
- 心肌病與心包疾病
- HCM 遺傳具有 variable penet… — HCM 遺傳具有 variable penetrance;不同 sarcomere genes 風險不同,不能以單一舊稱代表全部病例。
- Restrictive cardiomyopa… — Restrictive cardiomyopathy 與 constrictive pericarditis 都有 diastolic filling limitation,但病變位置不同。
- Dilated cardiomyopathy — 病理/生理:Four-chamber dilation、systolic dysfunction;代表原因與線索:TTN與其他 genes、myocarditis、alcohol/toxin、peripartum;mural thrombi
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy — 病理/生理:Often asymmetric septal hypertrophy、small cavity、myocyte disarray;代表原因與線索:Sarcomere-gene variants;LV outflow obstruction、arrhythmia/sudden death
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy — 病理/生理:Stiff ventricles、diastolic dysfunction;atria enlarge;代表原因與線索:Amyloidosis、endomyocardial fibrosis、radiation、storage/infiltrative disease
- Acute pericarditis — 病理/生理:Serous、fibrinous、purulent、hemorrhagic或caseous patterns;代表原因與線索:Viral/SLE、uremia/MI、bacteria、malignancy、TB
- Constrictive pericarditis — 病理/生理:Dense fibrous/calcific encasement;代表原因與線索:TB、prior surgery/radiation或idiopathic;restrictive filling
- 考點提醒 — DCM=大而鬆、systolic failure;HCM=厚、disarray、outflow/arrhythmia;RCM=硬、atria 大、diastolic failure。
- 先天性心臟病的分流與阻塞
- PDA 可由 prostaglandin 維持 — PDA 可由 prostaglandin 維持;若要關閉 isolated PDA 可抑制 prostaglandin synthesis,但 duct-dependent lesion 反而須保持開放。
- Coarctation 常造成 upper-e… — Coarctation 常造成 upper-extremity hypertension、lower-extremity hypoperfusion;與 Turner syndrome 及 bicuspid aortic valve 相關。
- AV septal defect 與 tris… — AV septal defect 與 trisomy 21 高度相關。
- Left-to-right — 代表疾病:ASD、VSD、PDA、AV septal defect;關鍵後果:Initially acyanotic;pulmonary HTN → Eisenmenger reversal
- Right-to-left — 代表疾病:Tetralogy of Fallot、transposition、truncus arteriosus、tricuspid atresia、TAPVR;關鍵後果:Early cyanosis;部分需 ASD/VSD/PDA mixing
- Obstructive — 代表疾病:Coarctation、aortic/pulmonic stenosis或atresia;關鍵後果:Pressure overload、distal hypoperfusion;critical lesions duct-dependent
- Tetralogy of Fallot — 代表疾病:VSD、overriding aorta、RV outflow obstruction、RV hypertrophy;關鍵後果:Severity largely determined by outflow obstruction
- Transposition — 代表疾病:Aorta from RV、pulmonary artery from LV;關鍵後果:Parallel circulations;survival requires mixing
- 考點提醒 — 先問 shunt 方向,再問是否需要 mixing/ductus;TOF 四項中決定 cyanosis 嚴重度的是 RV outflow obstruction。
- 血管與心臟腫瘤
- Hemangiopericytoma 是講義舊… — Hemangiopericytoma 是講義舊分類;現行多數相關腫瘤歸入 solitary fibrous tumor 並依 STAT6/NAB2::STAT6 語境判讀。
- Cardiac metastases 遠比 p… — Cardiac metastases 遠比 primary cardiac malignancies 常見,不能因心臟 mass 直接假設 myxoma。
- Lobular capillary hemangioma — 細胞/病毒:Benign capillary proliferation;高頻線索:舊稱 pyogenic granuloma;rapidly growing、friable/bleeding
- Infantile hemangioma — 細胞/病毒:Benign endothelial tumor;高頻線索:Infancy proliferation then involution
- Glomus tumor — 細胞/病毒:Modified smooth-muscle cells of glomus body;高頻線索:Painful subungual nodule
- Kaposi sarcoma — 細胞/病毒:HHV-8-associated endothelial neoplasm;高頻線索:Spindle cells、slit-like spaces;classic、endemic、iatrogenic、AIDS-associated
- Angiosarcoma — 細胞/病毒:Malignant endothelial differentiation;高頻線索:Skin/soft tissue/breast/liver;infiltrative vascular channels
- Atrial myxoma — 細胞/病毒:Myxoma cells in myxoid matrix;高頻線索:Most common primary adult cardiac tumor;usually left atrium;IL-6 symptoms/embolism
- Cardiac rhabdomyoma — 細胞/病毒:Hamartomatous cardiomyocyte tumor;高頻線索:Most common childhood primary cardiac tumor;tuberous-sclerosis association
- 考點提醒 — 成人原發心臟腫瘤記 left-atrial myxoma;兒童記 rhabdomyoma+tuberous sclerosis;Kaposi 記 HHV-8+spindle/slit spaces。
血栓形成、DIC 與栓塞
血栓由 endothelial injury、abnormal blood flow 與 hypercoagulability 交互形成;位置與栓子成分決定後續梗塞及全身效應。
| 主題 | 核心機轉 | 高頻線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Endothelial antithrombotic state | PGI₂/NO、thrombomodulin–protein C/S、antithrombin、TFPI、t-PA | 活化或受傷後轉為 prothrombotic phenotype |
| Platelet adhesion/aggregation | vWF–GPIb;fibrinogen–GPIIb/IIIa | Bernard–Soulier 與 Glanzmann 對照 |
| Virchow triad | Endothelial injury、stasis/turbulence、hypercoagulability | Factor V Leiden、cancer、immobility、APS、HIT |
| DIC | 全身 thrombin activation 與 consumption coagulopathy | Microthrombi+bleeding;platelet/fibrinogen↓、D-dimer↑ |
| Pulmonary/systemic emboli | DVT → pulmonary arteries;left-heart thrombus → systemic circulation | Massive PE、paradoxical embolus、brain/kidney/spleen infarcts |
| Fat/air/amniotic embolism | Mechanical obstruction+biochemical/endothelial injury | Long-bone fracture;decompression;peripartum DAD/DIC |
- Lines of Zahn 支持血栓在流動血液中形成;postmortem clot 通常不具同樣層次與附著。
- 多數 clinically important PE 來自 deep veins of lower extremity;後果取決於 embolus size、cardiopulmonary reserve 與是否反覆。
- Amniotic-fluid embolism 的診斷重點是突發 respiratory failure、shock、DIC 與產科時序,不是只看到單一 squamous cell。
Virchow triad 是整章入口;HIT 與 APS 都是「血小板低或凝血試驗異常,但臨床反而血栓」的陷阱。
水腫、充血、梗塞與休克
血流動力失衡可由 hydrostatic/oncotic pressure、lymphatic obstruction 或 perfusion failure 造成,病理表現從 edema 到 multiorgan injury。
| 概念 | 機轉 | 典型病理 |
|---|---|---|
| Left-heart failure | Pulmonary venous pressure↑ | Pulmonary edema、heart-failure cells、brown induration |
| Right-heart failure | Systemic venous congestion | Nutmeg liver、centrilobular hypoxic injury、ascites、leg edema |
| White infarct | Arterial occlusion in solid end-arterial organ | Heart、kidney、spleen;coagulative necrosis |
| Red infarct | Venous occlusion、dual circulation、loose/congested tissue或reperfusion | Lung、bowel、testis/ovary torsion |
| Shock | Systemic hypoperfusion from hypovolemic、cardiogenic、distributive mechanisms | ATN、DAD、encephalopathy、subendocardial ischemia、DIC |
- Septic shock 牽涉 PAMP/DAMP sensing、cytokines、endothelial activation、vasodilation、metabolic dysfunction 與 coagulopathy,不只是單一 endotoxin。
- 腦梗塞是 solid-organ infarct 的重要例外,典型為 liquefactive necrosis。
- Cor pulmonale 的急性型以 RV dilation 為主;慢性 pulmonary hypertension 才形成 RV hypertrophy。
白色梗塞記心腎脾;紅色梗塞記靜脈阻塞、雙重循環、疏鬆或先前充血組織。所有 shock 的終點是組織低灌流。
缺血性心臟病與心肌梗塞時間軸
急性 coronary plaque change 加上 thrombosis 是多數 myocardial infarction 的主軸;病理時間軸預測發炎細胞、修復與機械性併發症。
| 時間 | 主要形態 | 臨床風險 |
|---|---|---|
| 0–4 h | 可無明顯 LM change;早期 wavy fibers | Arrhythmia、sudden death |
| 4–24 h | Coagulative necrosis、edema/hemorrhage;neutrophils 開始 | Pump/arrhythmic complications |
| 1–3 d | Extensive coagulative necrosis、neutrophils peak | Acute pericarditis 可出現 |
| 3–7 d | Macrophage removal、軟化 | Free-wall、septal、papillary-muscle rupture risk |
| 1–2 wk | Granulation tissue | 逐步增加 tensile strength |
| >2 wk–months | Collagen deposition → dense scar | Chronic aneurysm、HF、mural thrombus |
- LAD 常造成 anterior/septal infarct;RCA 常涉及 inferior/posterior regions;實際分布依 coronary anatomy。
- Subendocardium 最易缺血;transmural 與 subendocardial infarction 是解剖病理概念,不能與 ECG 分類完全畫等號。
- Reperfusion 可救 myocardium,也可造成 hemorrhage、contraction-band necrosis、ROS/Ca²⁺ injury 與 arrhythmia。
MI 後 3–7 天 macrophages 清除壞死、心壁最脆弱;free-wall rupture → tamponade,papillary rupture → acute MR。
動脈粥樣硬化與高血壓性血管病
Atherosclerosis 是內皮失能、lipoprotein retention/oxidation、inflammation 與 smooth-muscle response 的慢性動脈壁疾病;高血壓另造成小動脈重塑。
| 病變 | 形態 | 後果 |
|---|---|---|
| Fatty streak | Intimal foam cells | 早期病灶,並非每個都進展 |
| Stable plaque | Thick fibrous cap、smaller lipid core、較少 inflammation | 固定狹窄、chronic ischemia |
| Vulnerable plaque | Thin cap、large necrotic core、macrophage-rich | Rupture/erosion、acute thrombosis |
| Hyaline arteriolosclerosis | Homogeneous hyaline wall thickening、luminal narrowing | Benign HTN、diabetes |
| Hyperplastic/necrotizing arteriolopathy | Onion-skin hyperplasia、fibrinoid necrosis | Severe/malignant hypertension |
- 主要可修正 risk factors 包括 dyslipidemia、hypertension、smoking、diabetes;age、sex 與 family history 也影響風險。
- Plaque complication 包括 rupture/erosion、intraplaque hemorrhage、atheroembolism、aneurysm 與 calcification。
- Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis 通常保留 lumen,與 intimal atherosclerotic plaque 不同。
Stable 看厚 cap、小 core;vulnerable 看薄 cap、大 core、發炎多。Hyaline 對 benign HTN/DM,onion-skin+fibrinoid necrosis 對 severe HTN。
依血管尺寸與免疫機轉辨識血管炎
血管炎分類先看主要血管尺寸,再整合 granuloma、ANCA、immune deposits、呼吸腎臟症候群與年齡。
| 疾病 | 主要血管/免疫 | 代表線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Giant-cell arteritis | Large/medium granulomatous arteritis | >50 y、temporal headache、jaw claudication、vision risk、PMR |
| Takayasu arteritis | Aorta/large branches granulomatous arteritis | Young patient、pulseless disease、BP discrepancy |
| Polyarteritis nodosa | Medium muscular arteries;segmental transmural necrosis | Renal/visceral arteries、microaneurysms;spares glomeruli/pulmonary capillaries |
| Kawasaki disease | Medium arteries,尤其 coronary | Childhood mucocutaneous syndrome、coronary aneurysm/thrombosis |
| GPA | PR3-ANCA-associated necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis | Upper/lower airway+pauci-immune GN |
| MPA | MPO-ANCA-associated necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis | Pulmonary capillaritis+pauci-immune GN;無 granulomatous inflammation |
| EGPA | Eosinophil-rich granulomatous small-vessel vasculitis | Asthma、eosinophilia、neuropathy;常 MPO-ANCA only subset |
| IgA vasculitis | IgA immune-complex small-vessel vasculitis | Palpable purpura、abdominal/joint symptoms、IgA nephritis |
- ANCA 應報 antigen specificity(PR3 或 MPO),舊 c-/p-ANCA pattern 只能作輔助。
- Thromboangiitis obliterans 與 tobacco exposure 強相關,造成 distal small/medium vessel thrombosing inflammation。
- Raynaud phenomenon 是 vasospasm 表現,可為 primary 或 secondary;secondary cases 需找 systemic sclerosis 等結構性微血管病。
PAN 不傷 glomerulus、也不典型傷 pulmonary capillaries;GPA 有 granuloma+PR3,MPA 無 granuloma+MPO,EGPA 加 asthma/eosinophilia。
風濕熱、心肌炎與感染性心內膜炎
心臟發炎可由 post-streptococcal autoimmunity、感染或 hypersensitivity 引起;vegetation 的位置、破壞性與菌血症決定鑑別。
| 疾病 | 核心病理 | 高頻線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Acute rheumatic fever | Post–group A streptococcal immune cross-reactivity;pancarditis | Jones criteria、Aschoff bodies、Anitschkow cells、small verrucae along closure lines |
| Chronic rheumatic valve disease | Fibrosis、commissural fusion、chordal shortening | Mitral most common;fish-mouth/buttonhole stenosis |
| Myocarditis | Myocyte injury with inflammatory infiltrate | Lymphocytic viral pattern、eosinophilic hypersensitivity、giant-cell severe form |
| Acute infective endocarditis | Destructive friable infected vegetation | S. aureus 可侵犯正常 valve;IV drug use 常 tricuspid |
| Subacute infective endocarditis | Lower-virulence organisms on abnormal valve | Viridans streptococci classic;systemic immune/embolic findings |
| Prosthetic-valve infection | Biofilm-associated infection | Coagulase-negative staphylococci important, timing-dependent pathogen spectrum |
- Infective endocarditis 可造成 valve-ring abscess、septic emboli、mycotic aneurysm 與 immune-complex glomerulonephritis。
- Osler nodes、Roth spots、splinter hemorrhages 與 Janeway lesions 是線索,但血液培養與 echocardiography 才是診斷核心。
- 講義舊稱 Wegener、Churg–Strauss 於網站採現名 GPA、EGPA,舊稱保留為搜尋別名。
Aschoff body/Anitschkow cell 指 rheumatic carditis;正常 valve 上快速破壞想 S. aureus,舊受損 valve 的較緩病程想 viridans group。
主動脈瘤與主動脈剝離
Aneurysm 是血管或心壁的永久異常擴張;aortic dissection 是血液進入 media 形成壁內通道,兩者的危險因子與急症處理不同。
| 病變 | 典型背景/位置 | 主要併發症 |
|---|---|---|
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Atherosclerosis、smoking;多在 renal arteries 下方 | Rupture、thrombosis/embolism、branch-vessel compression |
| Thoracic aortic aneurysm | Hypertension、heritable connective-tissue disease、aortitis | Aortic regurgitation、compression、rupture |
| Aortic dissection type A | Ascending aorta involved;HTN、Marfan/Loeys–Dietz 等 | Pericardial rupture/tamponade、AR、coronary/branch malperfusion |
| Aortic dissection type B | Begins distal to left subclavian without ascending involvement | Rupture or distal-organ malperfusion |
| Pseudoaneurysm | Contained wall rupture communicating with lumen | Expansion、rupture、infection |
- Heritable aortopathy 涉及 ECM/TGF-β signaling,例如 FBN1、TGFBR1/2、COL3A1;「cystic medial degeneration」是形態描述。
- Mycotic aneurysm 是感染性 aneurysm,名稱不代表真菌限定;可由 septic embolus、鄰近感染或 bacteremia 造成。
- Tertiary syphilitic aortitis 傷害 vasa vasorum,可造成 ascending aneurysm 與 tree-bark scarring。
AAA 記 infrarenal+atherosclerosis/smoking;dissection 記 HTN 或 heritable aortopathy,致死常因破裂,type A 可進心包造成 tamponade。
退化性瓣膜病與無菌性心內膜病變
瓣膜狹窄或逆流可來自 calcification、myxomatous change、rheumatic scarring 或 systemic disease;無菌 vegetation 則提示 hypercoagulability 或 autoimmunity。
| 病變 | 形態/位置 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|
| Calcific aortic stenosis | Nodular calcification on outflow side/base of cusps | Age-related;bicuspid valve 較早發 |
| Mitral annular calcification | Valve-ring calcific deposits | 可無功能異常,也可影響 conduction、MR/stenosis或感染風險 |
| Mitral valve prolapse | Myxomatous expansion、hooded leaflets、elongated/ruptured chordae | MR、arrhythmia、endocarditis、rare sudden death |
| NBTE | Small sterile bland vegetations along closure line | Advanced malignancy、sepsis/cachexia;systemic emboli |
| Libman–Sacks endocarditis | Sterile vegetations on either/both sides of leaflets/chordae | SLE/APS |
| Carcinoid heart disease | Plaque-like endocardial fibrosis | Predominantly tricuspid/pulmonic when hepatic metastases release serotonin |
- Valve function 應區分 stenosis 與 regurgitation;同一病因可經 commissures、leaflets、chordae、annulus 或 ventricular remodeling 造成不同結果。
- MVP 的基質是 proteoglycan-rich myxomatous degeneration,不等同發炎性 fibrinoid necrosis。
NBTE=malignancy/hypercoagulability+bland vegetation+embolus;Libman–Sacks=SLE;MVP=myxomatous leaflet/chordal change。
心肌病與心包疾病
Cardiomyopathy 以 ventricular morphology 與 systolic/diastolic physiology 分類,再整合遺傳、毒性、發炎及浸潤原因。
| 類型 | 病理/生理 | 代表原因與線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | Four-chamber dilation、systolic dysfunction | TTN與其他 genes、myocarditis、alcohol/toxin、peripartum;mural thrombi |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Often asymmetric septal hypertrophy、small cavity、myocyte disarray | Sarcomere-gene variants;LV outflow obstruction、arrhythmia/sudden death |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | Stiff ventricles、diastolic dysfunction;atria enlarge | Amyloidosis、endomyocardial fibrosis、radiation、storage/infiltrative disease |
| Acute pericarditis | Serous、fibrinous、purulent、hemorrhagic或caseous patterns | Viral/SLE、uremia/MI、bacteria、malignancy、TB |
| Constrictive pericarditis | Dense fibrous/calcific encasement | TB、prior surgery/radiation或idiopathic;restrictive filling |
- HCM 遺傳具有 variable penetrance;不同 sarcomere genes 風險不同,不能以單一舊稱代表全部病例。
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy 與 constrictive pericarditis 都有 diastolic filling limitation,但病變位置不同。
DCM=大而鬆、systolic failure;HCM=厚、disarray、outflow/arrhythmia;RCM=硬、atria 大、diastolic failure。
先天性心臟病的分流與阻塞
先天心臟病可先按 left-to-right、right-to-left 與 obstructive lesions 分類;是否依賴 ductus 與混合血流決定新生兒急症。
| 類型 | 代表疾病 | 關鍵後果 |
|---|---|---|
| Left-to-right | ASD、VSD、PDA、AV septal defect | Initially acyanotic;pulmonary HTN → Eisenmenger reversal |
| Right-to-left | Tetralogy of Fallot、transposition、truncus arteriosus、tricuspid atresia、TAPVR | Early cyanosis;部分需 ASD/VSD/PDA mixing |
| Obstructive | Coarctation、aortic/pulmonic stenosis或atresia | Pressure overload、distal hypoperfusion;critical lesions duct-dependent |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | VSD、overriding aorta、RV outflow obstruction、RV hypertrophy | Severity largely determined by outflow obstruction |
| Transposition | Aorta from RV、pulmonary artery from LV | Parallel circulations;survival requires mixing |
- PDA 可由 prostaglandin 維持;若要關閉 isolated PDA 可抑制 prostaglandin synthesis,但 duct-dependent lesion 反而須保持開放。
- Coarctation 常造成 upper-extremity hypertension、lower-extremity hypoperfusion;與 Turner syndrome 及 bicuspid aortic valve 相關。
- AV septal defect 與 trisomy 21 高度相關。
先問 shunt 方向,再問是否需要 mixing/ductus;TOF 四項中決定 cyanosis 嚴重度的是 RV outflow obstruction。
血管與心臟腫瘤
血管增生從 reactive lobular capillary lesion 到 malignant endothelial neoplasm;心臟原發腫瘤則以年齡與心腔位置定位。
| 病變 | 細胞/病毒 | 高頻線索 |
|---|---|---|
| Lobular capillary hemangioma | Benign capillary proliferation | 舊稱 pyogenic granuloma;rapidly growing、friable/bleeding |
| Infantile hemangioma | Benign endothelial tumor | Infancy proliferation then involution |
| Glomus tumor | Modified smooth-muscle cells of glomus body | Painful subungual nodule |
| Kaposi sarcoma | HHV-8-associated endothelial neoplasm | Spindle cells、slit-like spaces;classic、endemic、iatrogenic、AIDS-associated |
| Angiosarcoma | Malignant endothelial differentiation | Skin/soft tissue/breast/liver;infiltrative vascular channels |
| Atrial myxoma | Myxoma cells in myxoid matrix | Most common primary adult cardiac tumor;usually left atrium;IL-6 symptoms/embolism |
| Cardiac rhabdomyoma | Hamartomatous cardiomyocyte tumor | Most common childhood primary cardiac tumor;tuberous-sclerosis association |
- Hemangiopericytoma 是講義舊分類;現行多數相關腫瘤歸入 solitary fibrous tumor 並依 STAT6/NAB2::STAT6 語境判讀。
- Cardiac metastases 遠比 primary cardiac malignancies 常見,不能因心臟 mass 直接假設 myxoma。
成人原發心臟腫瘤記 left-atrial myxoma;兒童記 rhabdomyoma+tuberous sclerosis;Kaposi 記 HHV-8+spindle/slit spaces。
Practice after the lecture
章末考題
先作答,再展開答案與解析。題目依上方講義整理,內容仍屬 in_review。
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vWF 連接 exposed subendothelial matrix 與 platelet GPIb,主要負責 adhesion;GPIIb/IIIa–fibrinogen 則負責 aggregation。
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交替的 platelet/fibrin 淡層與 RBC-rich 深層顯示血栓在流動循環內形成,常見於 arterial/cardiac thrombi。
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Fat embolism syndrome 典型在 long-bone trauma 後有 1–3 天潛伏期,造成 pulmonary、neurologic 與 petechial manifestations。
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Kidney 是 solid end-arterial organ,arterial occlusion 常形成 pale/white infarct;肺、腸與靜脈阻塞較常見 red infarct。
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肺泡出血後 macrophages 吞噬 RBC 並累積 hemosiderin,形成 siderophages/heart-failure cells。
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3–7 天 macrophages 清除壞死 tissue、scar 尚未成熟,心壁最脆弱;free-wall rupture 可造成 hemopericardium 與 tamponade。
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Reperfusion 可造成 hemorrhage、ROS/Ca²⁺ injury 與 hypercontracted sarcomeres,形成 contraction bands。
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Vulnerable plaque 具有 thin cap、large necrotic lipid core 與活躍 inflammation,較易 rupture/erosion 並引起急性 thrombosis。
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Hyperplastic arteriolopathy 的 concentric onion-skin thickening 與 necrotizing arteriolitis/fibrinoid necrosis 是 severe hypertension 的經典組合。
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EGPA(舊稱 Churg–Strauss)以 asthma、eosinophilia、eosinophil-rich inflammation 與 small-vessel vasculitis 為核心。
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PAN 主要侵犯 medium muscular arteries,可傷 renal arteries 但通常不造成 glomerulonephritis,也不典型侵犯 pulmonary capillaries。
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Aschoff body 含 central fibrinoid change 與 activated macrophages;Anitschkow cells 的 caterpillar chromatin 是經典線索。
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S. aureus 可造成 acute destructive endocarditis,且 IV drug use 常累及 tricuspid valve。
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Degenerative/atherosclerotic AAA 多位於 infrarenal abdominal aorta,smoking 是重要 risk factor。
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NBTE 與 advanced malignancy/hypercoagulability 相關,vegetations 無菌、較少破壞 valve,但可造成 systemic emboli。
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HCM 常由 sarcomere-gene variant 造成,可見 asymmetric septal hypertrophy、myocyte disarray、fibrosis 與 LV outflow obstruction。
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TOF 四項為 VSD、overriding aorta、RV outflow obstruction 與 secondary RV hypertrophy;不是 aortic-valve stenosis。
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Atrial myxoma 是成人最常見 primary cardiac tumor,常在 left atrium,可造成 ball-valve obstruction、embolism 與 IL-6-related systemic symptoms。